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Prototype Prescribing Outlier Dashboard for Heatons Group Network PCN

At OpenPrescribing we are piloting a number of data-driven approaches to identify unusual prescribing and collect feedback on this prescribing to inform development of new tools to support prescribers and organisations to audit and review prescribing. These pilot results are provided for the interest of advanced users, although we don't know how relevant they are in practice. There is substantial variation in prescribing behaviours, across various different areas of medicine. Some variation can be explained by demographic changes, or local policies or guidelines, but much of the remaining variation is less easy to explain.

The DataLab is keen to hear your feedback on the results. You can do this by completing the following survey or emailing us at [email protected]. Please DO NOT INCLUDE IDENTIFIABLE PATIENT information in your feedback. All feedback is helpful, you can send short or detailed feedback.

This report has been developed to automatically identify prescribing patterns at a chemical level which are furthest away from “typical prescribing” and can be classified as an “outlier”. We calculate the number of prescriptions for each chemical in the BNF coding system, the count of all prescriptions within that chemical's BNF subparagraph, for prescriptions dispensed between June 2021 and December 2021. We then calculate the ratio of these counts along with the mean and standard deviation of those ratios across all PCNs. From this we can calculate the “z-score”, which is a measure of how many standard deviations a given PCN is from the population mean. We then rank your “z-scores” to find the top 10 results where prescribing is an outlier for prescribing higher than its peers and those where it is an outlier for prescribing lower than its peers.

For each outlier chemical, a kernel density estimation plot of all PCN's chemical:subparagraph ratios is provided, with this PCN's ratio overlaid in red.

It is important to remember that this information was generated automatically and it is therefore likely that some of the behaviour is warranted. This report seeks only to collect information about where this variation may be warranted and where it might not, to inform research on this topic. Our full analytical method code is openly available on GitHub here.

This is a new, experimental feature. We'd love to .

Prescribing where Heatons Group Network PCN is higher than most

BNF Chemical Chemical Items BNF Subparagraph Subparagraph Items Ratio Mean std Z_Score Plots
Chloroquine phosphate 23 Antimalarials 1,218 0.02 0.00 0.00 9.59
Other bisphosphonate and other preparations 7 Bisphosphonates and other drugs 4,111 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.01
Hamamelis 13 Soothing haemorrhoidal preparations 155 0.08 0.00 0.02 4.43
Verapamil hydrochloride 993 Calcium-channel blockers 27,907 0.04 0.01 0.01 3.86
Darifenacin hydrobromide 634 Drugs for urinary frequency enuresis and incontinence 6,431 0.10 0.01 0.03 3.35
Promazine hydrochloride 1,225 Antipsychotic drugs 10,769 0.11 0.01 0.03 3.26
Flubiprofen 13 Drugs for oral ulceration and inflammation 586 0.02 0.00 0.01 3.24
Torasemide 64 Loop diuretics 7,866 0.01 0.00 0.00 3.03
Levonorgestrel 83 Oral progestogen-only contraceptives 2,341 0.04 0.01 0.01 2.86
Canagliflozin 1,720 Other antidiabetic drugs 10,442 0.16 0.05 0.04 2.76

Prescribing where Heatons Group Network PCN is lower than most

BNF Chemical Chemical Items BNF Subparagraph Subparagraph Items Ratio Mean std Z_Score Plots
Mercaptopurine 20 Antimetabolites 109 0.18 0.81 0.27 -2.29
Hydralazine hydrochloride 38 Vasodilator antihypertensive drugs 75 0.51 0.86 0.17 -2.08
Nicorandil 713 Other antianginal drugs 3,258 0.22 0.51 0.14 -2.08
Famotidine 730 H2-Receptor antagonists 1,222 0.60 0.83 0.11 -2.02
Clonidine hydrochloride 59 Prophylaxis of migraine 487 0.12 0.37 0.13 -1.86
Losartan potassium 2,776 Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists 13,100 0.21 0.50 0.16 -1.85
Solifenacin 1,253 Drugs for urinary frequency enuresis and incontinence 6,431 0.19 0.33 0.08 -1.69
Furosemide 5,766 Loop diuretics 7,866 0.73 0.85 0.07 -1.67
Glucose blood testing reagents 3,769 Diabetic diagnostic and monitoring agents 4,168 0.90 0.94 0.02 -1.60
Hydrocortisone 232 Copound haemorrhoidal preparations with corticosteroid 837 0.28 0.56 0.18 -1.55