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Prototype Prescribing Outlier Dashboard for Overton Park Surgery

At OpenPrescribing we are piloting a number of data-driven approaches to identify unusual prescribing and collect feedback on this prescribing to inform development of new tools to support prescribers and organisations to audit and review prescribing. These pilot results are provided for the interest of advanced users, although we don't know how relevant they are in practice. There is substantial variation in prescribing behaviours, across various different areas of medicine. Some variation can be explained by demographic changes, or local policies or guidelines, but much of the remaining variation is less easy to explain.

The DataLab is keen to hear your feedback on the results. You can do this by completing the following survey or emailing us at [email protected]. Please DO NOT INCLUDE IDENTIFIABLE PATIENT information in your feedback. All feedback is helpful, you can send short or detailed feedback.

This report has been developed to automatically identify prescribing patterns at a chemical level which are furthest away from “typical prescribing” and can be classified as an “outlier”. We calculate the number of prescriptions for each chemical in the BNF coding system, the count of all prescriptions within that chemical's BNF subparagraph, for prescriptions dispensed between June 2021 and December 2021. We then calculate the ratio of these counts along with the mean and standard deviation of those ratios across all Practices. From this we can calculate the “z-score”, which is a measure of how many standard deviations a given Practice is from the population mean. We then rank your “z-scores” to find the top 10 results where prescribing is an outlier for prescribing higher than its peers and those where it is an outlier for prescribing lower than its peers.

For each outlier chemical, a kernel density estimation plot of all Practice's chemical:subparagraph ratios is provided, with this Practice's ratio overlaid in red.

It is important to remember that this information was generated automatically and it is therefore likely that some of the behaviour is warranted. This report seeks only to collect information about where this variation may be warranted and where it might not, to inform research on this topic. Our full analytical method code is openly available on GitHub here.

This is a new, experimental feature. We'd love to .

Prescribing where Overton Park Surgery is higher than most

BNF Chemical Chemical Items BNF Subparagraph Subparagraph Items Ratio Mean std Z_Score Plots
Ketotifen fumarate 31 Antihistamines 802 0.04 0.00 0.00 18.17
Potassium bicarbonate 1 Oral bicarbonate 33 0.03 0.00 0.00 13.58
Lacidipine 1,025 Calcium-channel blockers 3,967 0.26 0.01 0.03 9.03
Minocycline hydrochloride 33 Tetracyclines 470 0.07 0.00 0.01 5.93
Naldemedine 2 Peripheral opioid-receptor antagonists 2 1.00 0.04 0.17 5.59
Flurbiprofen 4 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 741 0.01 0.00 0.00 5.53
Liothyronine sodium 42 Thyroid hormones 3,551 0.01 0.00 0.00 3.71
Insulin glulisine 55 Short-acting insulins 244 0.23 0.03 0.05 3.63
Podophyllotoxin 1 Preparations for warts and calluses 2 0.50 0.05 0.12 3.59
Valaciclovir 37 Herpes simplex and varicella-zoster 153 0.24 0.04 0.06 3.27

Prescribing where Overton Park Surgery is lower than most

BNF Chemical Chemical Items BNF Subparagraph Subparagraph Items Ratio Mean std Z_Score Plots
Sodium bicarbonate 32 Oral bicarbonate 33 0.97 1.00 0.00 -13.58
Naloxegol 0 Peripheral opioid-receptor antagonists 2 0.00 0.96 0.18 -5.44
    Levothyroxine sodium 3,509 Thyroid hormones 3,551 0.99 1.00 0.00 -3.60
    Aciclovir 112 Herpes simplex and varicella-zoster 153 0.73 0.95 0.07 -3.33
    Emollient bath and shower preparations 0 Emollient bath and shower preparations 2 0.00 0.63 0.21 -2.98
      Sodium cromoglicate 8 Other anti-inflammatory preparations 35 0.23 0.64 0.19 -2.18
      Lactulose 49 Osmotic laxatives 689 0.07 0.28 0.10 -2.17
      Amlodipine 2,049 Calcium-channel blockers 3,967 0.52 0.76 0.11 -2.12
      Theophylline 42 Theophylline 74 0.57 0.91 0.17 -2.08
      Hypromellose 13 Tear deficiency, eye lubricant/astringent 97 0.13 0.45 0.15 -2.08